The television industry in India is a wide-ranging one; which produces thousands of programs in many of India's official languages. More than half of all Indian households own a television.[1] As of 2016, the country had over 857[2] channels of which 184 were pay channels.[3][4]
History[edit]
In January 1950, The Indian Express reported that a television was put up for demonstration at an exhibition in the Teynampet locality of Madras (now Chennai) by B. Sivakumaran, a student of electrical engineering. A letter was scanned and its image displayed on a cathode ray tube screen. The report said that '[i]t may be this is not the whole of television but it is certainly the most significant link in the system' and added that the demonstration of the sort could be the 'first in India'.[5]
In Calcutta (now Kolkata), television was first used in the house of the Neogi family. Which was a huge milestone for industrialzion In India. Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. Daily transmission began in 1965 as a part of All India Radio (AIR). Television service was later extended to Bombay and Amritsar in 1972. Up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had television services. Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) was an important step taken by India to use television for development. The programmes were mainly produced by Doordarshan (DD) which was then a part of the AIR. The telecast happened twice a day, in the mornings and evenings. Other than information related to agriculture, health and family planning were the other important topics dealt with in these programmes. Entertainment was also included in the form of dance, music, drama, folk and rural art forms. Television services were separated from radio in 1976. National telecast was introduced in 1982. In the same year, color television was introduced in the Indian market.
Indian small screen programming off in the early 1980s. During this time, there was only one national channel, the government-owned Doordarshan. The Ramayana and Mahabharata, both based on the Indian epics of the same names, were the first major television series produced. They notched up world record in viewership numbers. By the late 1980s, more people began to own television sets. Though there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation. Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programming and part regional. This channel was known as DD 2, later renamed DD Metro. Both channels were broadcast terrestrially. In 1997, Prasar Bharati, a statutory autonomous body was established. Doordarshan along with the AIR were converted into government corporations under Prasar Bharati. The Prasar Bharati Corporation was established to serve as the public service broadcaster of the country which would achieve its objectives through AIR and Doordashan. This was a step towards greater autonomy for Doordarshan and AIR. However, Prasar Bharati has not succeeded in shielding Doordarshan from government control.
The transponders of the American satellites PAS 1 and PAS-4 helped in the transmission and telecast of DD.[6] An international channel called DD International was started in 1995 and it telecasts programs for 19 hours a day to foreign countries-via PAS-4 to Europe, Asia and Africa, and via PAS-1 to North America.
The 1980s was the era of DD with shows like Hum Log (1984-1985), Wagle Ki Duniya (1988), Buniyaad (1986â1987) and comedy shows like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (1984), other than the widely popular mythological dramas like Ramayan (1987â1988) and Mahabharat (1989â1990) glued millions to Doordarshan and later on Chandrakanta(1994-1996). Hindi film songs based programs like Chitrahaar, Rangoli, Superhit Muqabla and crime thrillers like Karamchand, Byomkesh Bakshi. Shows targeted at children included Divyanshu ki Kahaniyan, Vikram Betal, Malgudi Days, Tenali Rama. It is also noted that Bengali filmmaker Prabir Roy had the distinction of introducing colour television coverage in India in FebruaryâMarch 1982 during the Nehru Cup, a football tournament which was held at Eden Gardens, Kolkata, with five on-line camera operation, before Doordarshan started the same during the Delhi Asian Games in November that year.[7]
The central government launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991 under Prime Minister Narasimha Rao. Under the new policies the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India. This process has been pursued consistently by all subsequent federal administrations. Foreign channels like CNN, STAR TV and private domestic channels such as Zee TV, ETV, Sun TV and Asianet started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1995, television in India had covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels.
Broadcast media[edit]
There are at least five basic types of television in India: broadcast or 'over-the-air' television, unencrypted satellite or 'free-to-air', Direct-to-Home (DTH), cable television, and IPTV.
Over-the-air and free-to-air TV is free with no monthly payments while Cable, DTH, and IPTV requires a subscription that varies depending on how many channels a subscriber chooses to pay for and how much the provider is charging for the packages. Channels are usually sold in groups or a la carte. All television service providers are required by law to provide a la carte selection of channels.
Broadcast television[edit]
In India, the broadcast of free-to-air television is governed through state-owned Prasar Bharati Corporation, with the Doordarshan group of channels being the only broadcaster. As such, cable television is the primary source of TV programming in India. Private channels were started in about 1993.
Cable television[edit]
As per the TAM Annual Universe Update - 2015,[8] India now has over 167 million households (out of 234 million) with television sets, of which over 161 million have access to Cable TV or Satellite TV, including 84 million households which are DTH subscribers. Digital TV households have grown by 32% since 2013 due to migration from terrestrial and analog broadcasts. TV owning households have been growing at between 8-10%. Digital TV penetration is at 64% as of September 2014. The growth in digital broadcast has been due to the introduction of a multi-phase digitisation policy by the Government of India. An ordinance was introduced by the Govt. of India regarding the mandatory digitization of the Cable Services. According to this amendment made in the section 9 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 1995, the I&B ministry is in the process of making Digital Addressable System mandatory. As per the policy, viewers would be able to access digital services only through a set top box (STB).[9]
It is also estimated that India now has over 823 TV channels covering all the main languages spoken in the nation.
Star TV Network introduced five major television channels into the Indian broadcasting space that had so far been monopolised by the Indian government-owned Doordarshan: MTV, STAR Plus, Star Movies, BBC, Prime Sports and STAR Chinese Channel. Soon after, India saw the launch of Zee TV, the first privately owned Indian channel to broadcast over cable followed by Asia Television Network (ATN). A few years later CNN, Discovery Channel and National Geographic Channel made their foray into India. Later, Star TV Network expanded its bouquet with the introduction of STAR World India, STAR Sports, ESPN, Channel V and STAR Gold.
With the launch of the TamilSun TV in 1993, South India saw the birth of its first private television channel. With a network comprising more than 20 channels in various South Indian languages, Sun TV network recently launched a DTH service and its channels are now available in several countries outside India. Following Sun TV, several television channels sprung up in the south. Among these are the Tamil channel Raj Television (1993) and the Malayalam channel Asianet launched in 1993 From Asianet Communications Ltd which is the second private channel launched in south India and 3rd private channel in India, Later Asianet launch Kannada channel (Asianet suvarna Now star suvarna) and Telugu (Asianet sitara) channel, Now Asianet is part of star India and Asianet is the leading channel of starIndia south and second leading channel in StarIndia Network after Star plus. Asianet cable network and Asianet broadband is from Asianet Communication Ltd. These three networks and their channels today take up most of the broadcasting space in South India. In 1994, industrialist N. P. V. Ramasamy Udayar launched a Tamil channel called GEC (Golden Eagle Communication), which was later acquired by Vijay Mallya and renamed as Vijay TV. In Telugu, Telugu daily newspaper Eenadu started its own channel called ETV in 1995 later diversified into other Indian languages. The same year, another Telugu channel called Gemini TV was launched which was later acquired by the Sun Group in 1998.
Throughout the 1990s, along with a multitude of Hindi-language channels, several regional and English language channels flourished all over India. By 2001, international channels HBO and History Channel started providing service. In 1999â2003, other international channels such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, VH1, Disney and Toon Disney entered the market. Starting in 2003, there has been an explosion of news channels in various languages; the most notable among them are NDTV, CNN IBN and Aaj Tak. The most recent channels/networks in the Indian broadcasting industry include UTV Movies, UTV Bindass, Zoom, Colours, 9X and 9XM. There are several more new channels in the pipeline, including Leader TV.
Currently the major four cable general entertainment channels (GECs) that dominate the TRP rivalry are StarPlus, Sony Entertainment Television, Colors TV and Zee TV.[10]
Conditional access system[edit]
CAS or conditional access system, is a digital mode of transmitting TV channels through a set-top box (STB). The transmission signals are encrypted and viewers need to buy a set-top box to receive and decrypt the signal. The STB is required to watch only pay channels.
The idea of CAS was mooted in 2001, due to a furore over charge hikes by channels and subsequently by cable operators. Poor reception of certain channels; arbitrary pricing and increase in prices; bundling of channels; poor service delivery by Cable Television Operators (CTOs); monopolies in each area; lack of regulatory framework and redress avenues were some of the issues that were to be addressed by implementation of CAS
It was decided by the government that CAS would be first introduced in the four metros. It has been in place in Chennai since September 2003, where until very recently it had managed to attract very few subscribers. It has been rolled out recently in the other three metros of Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.
As of April 2008 only 25 per cent of the people have subscribed the new technology. The rest watch only free-to-air channels. As mentioned above, the inhibiting factor from the viewer's perspective is the cost of the STB.
Analog switchover[edit]
The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting issued a notification on 11 November 2011, setting 31 March 2015 as the deadline for complete shift from analogue to digital systems. In December 2011, Parliament passed The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Act to digitise the cable television sector by 2014.[11][12]Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai had to switch by 31 October 2012.[13] The second phase of 38 cities, including Bangalore, Chandigarh, Nagpur, Patna, and Pune, was to switch by 31 March 2013. The remaining urban areas were to digitise by 30 November 2014 and the rest of the country by 31 March 2015.[14]
â Indicates the date when analogue signals were switched off and not necessarily the date when 100% digitisation was achieved.
Phase I[edit]
From midnight on 31 October 2012, analogue signals were switched off in Delhi and Mumbai. Pirated signals were available in parts of Delhi even after the date.[15] In Kolkata, on 30 October 2012, the state government refused to switch off analogue signals citing low penetration of set-top boxes (STBs) required for receiving digital signals. The I&B Ministry did not push for switching off of analogue signals in Kolkata. After approximately the Centre estimated that 75% of Kolkata households had installed STBs, the ministry issued a directive to stop airing analogue channels in some parts of the city beginning 16 December and completely switch off analogue signals after 27 December.[16] On 17 December 2012, the West Bengal government openly defied the directive and stated that it would not implement it.[17] The state government then announced that it would extend the deadline to 15 January 2013.[18][19][20] The I&B ministry had initially threatened to cancel the license of multi system operators (MSOs) in Kolkata if they did not switch off all analogue channels. However, the ministries softened their stand following a letter from MSOs, explaining how it they were sandwiched between divergent orders from the Central and State Governments.
In Chennai, the deadline was extended twice to 5 November by the Madras High Court.[21] The extension was in response to a petition filed by the Chennai Metro Cable TV Operators Association (CMCOA), who argued at the beginning of November that only 164,000 homes in Chennai had the proper equipment, and three million households would be left without service.[22] When a week later only a quarter of households had their set-top boxes, the Madras High Court further extended the deadline to 9 November. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting stated that it would allow an additional extension to 31 December.[23][24] As of March 2013, out of 3 million subscribers, 2.4 million continued to be without set-top boxes.[25]
A similar petition, filed by a local cable operator (LCO), to extend the deadline in Mumbai was rejected by the Bombay High Court on 31 October 2012.[26]
Phase II[edit]
In the second phase, 38 cities in 15 states had to digitise by 31 March 2013. Of the 38, Maharashtra has 9 cities, Uttar Pradesh has 7 and Gujarat has 5.[27][28][29]
About 25% of the 16 million households covered did not have their equipment installed before the deadline. Secretary Uday Kumar Varma extended a 15-day grace period.[12] The I&B ministry estimated that as of 3 April 2013, 25% of households did not have set-top boxes.[30] Enforcement of the switchover varied from city to city.[31] Vishakhapatnam had the lowest rate of conversion to the new system at 12.18 per cent. Other cities that had low figures included Srinagar (20 per cent), Coimbatore (28.89 per cent), Jabalpur (34.87 per cent) and Kalyan Dombivli (38.59 per cent).[32]
Satellite television[edit]
As of 2016, over 1600 TV satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channelsfrom the state-owned Doordarshan, 21st Century Fox owned STAR TV, Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television, Zee TV, Sun Network and Asianet. Direct To Home service is provided by Airtel Digital Tv, BIG TV owned by Reliance, DD Direct Plus, DishTV, Sun Direct DTH, Tata Sky and Videocon D2H. Dish TV was the first one to come up in Indian Market, others came only years later.
Tata Sky Dish India
These services are provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as[33] INSAT 4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned NSS 6, Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10.
DTH is defined as the reception of satellite programs with a personal dish in an individual home. As of December 2012, India had roughly 54 million DTH subscribers.
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DTH does not compete with CAS.[citation needed] Cable TV and DTH are two methods of delivery of television content. CAS is integral to both the systems in delivering pay channels.
Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the consumer through a small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has ensured that free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set-top box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box.
India currently has 7 major DTH service providers and a total of over 54 million subscriber households in as of December 2012. DishTV (a ZEE TV subsidiary), Tata Sky, Videocon D2H, Sun Network owned ' Sun Direct DTH', Reliance Digital TV, Bharti Airtel's DTH Service 'Airtel Digital TV' and the public sector DD Direct Plus. As of 2012, India has the most competitive Direct-broadcast satellite market with 7 operators vying for more than 135 million TV homes. India overtook the US as the world's largest Direct-broadcast satellite market in 2012.[34]
The rapid growth of DTH in India has propelled an exodus from cabled homes, the need to measure viewership in this space is more than ever; aMap, the overnight ratings agency, has mounted a peoplemeter panel to measure viewership and interactive engagement in DTH homes in India.[35]
Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)[edit]
There are IPTV Platforms available for Subscription in India in the main cities as Broadband Internet in many parts of the country, they are
The service is available to MTNL and BSNL Broadband Internet customers.
Programming[edit]
The typical Indian soap opera is by-far the most common genre on Indian television. Fiction shows (which also includes thriller dramas and sitcoms) are extremely popular among Indian audiences, as they reflect real family issues portrayed in a melodramatic fashion.
There are thousands of television programs in India, all ranging in length, air time, genre and language. The Hindi and Tamil television industry is by far the biggest. However, some have much greater influence on the audiences, and therefore make the annual list of the best Hindi shows. The present status follows:
List of top five Hindi GEC (Urban+Rural) Television shows in India (Week 18, 2019)[edit]
Source: Barc India[36]
Sports[edit]
Major sports networks include Star Sports, Star Sports Network, Sony Ten, Sony Six, Sony ESPN, ESPN Asia, DSport and DD Sports.
Audience metrics[edit]
Television metrics in India have gone through several phases in which it fragmented, consolidated and then fragmented again.
DART[edit]
During the days of the single channel Doordarshan monopoly, DART (Doordarshan Audience Research Team) was the only metric available. This used the notebook method of recordkeeping across 33 cities across India.[37] DART continues to provide this information independent of the Private agencies. DART is one of the rating system that measures audience metrics in Rural India.[38]
TAM & INTAM[edit]
In 1994, claiming a heterogeneous and fragmenting television market ORG-MARG introduced INTAM (Indian National Television Audience Measurement). Ex-officials of DD (Doordarshan) claimed that INTAM was introduced by vested commercial interests who only sought to break the monopoly of DD and that INTAM was significantly weaker in both sample size, rigour and the range of cities and regions covered.[39]
In 1997, a joint industry body appointed TAM (backed by AC Nielsen[40]) as the official recordkeeper of audience metrics.[39] Due to the differences in methodology and samples of TAM and INTAM, both provided differing results for the same programs.
In 2001, a confidential list of households in Mumbai that were participating in the monitoring survey was released, calling into question the reliability of the data.[39][41][42] This subsequently led to the merger of the two measurement systems into TAM.[43] For several years after this, in spite of misgivings about the process, sample and other parameters, TAM was the de facto standard and monopoly in the audience metrics game.[44]
aMap[edit]
In 2004, a rival ratings service funded by American NRI investors, called Audience Measurement Analytics Limited (aMap) was launched.[45][46][47] Although initially, it faced a cautious uptake from clients, the TAM monopoly was broken.
What differentiates aMap is that its ratings are available within one day as compared to TAM's timeline of one week.[46]
Broadcast Audience Research Council[edit]
Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC) India is an industry body set up to design, commission, supervise and own an accurate, reliable and timely television audience measurement system for India. It currently measures TV Viewing habits of 183 million TV households in the country, using 30,000 sample panel homes. This will go up to 50,000 in the next couple of years, as mandated by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting.
As per BARC India's Broadcast India (BI) 2018 Survey released in July 2018, based on a sample of 3 lakh homes in the country, TV homes in the country have seen a 7.5% jump,[48] outpacing the growth of homes in India which grew at 4.5%. India currently boasts of 298 million homes, of which 197 million have a TV set, having an opportunity of almost 100mn more TV homes in the country.[49]
Guided by the recommendations of the TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) and MIB notifications of January 2014, BARC India brings together the three key stakeholders in television audience measurement - broadcasters, advertisers, and advertising and media agencies, via their apex bodies.
BARC India is committed towards establishing a robust, transparent and accountable governance framework for providing data points that are required to plan media spends more effectively.[47][50]
See also[edit]References[edit]
News 24
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_in_India&oldid=902469302'
Essay on Growth of Television in India!
In India, terrestrial television started with the experimental telecast in Delhi on September 15, 1959, with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as part of All India Radio. In the beginning, only educational programmes and news were telecast.
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Gradually entertainment programmesâmostly plays, concerts and film- based music/danceâwere also telecast. The television service was extended to Bombay (now, Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Doordarshan remained the sole provider of television in India till 1975.
Television services were separated from radio in 1976. Six years later, national telecasts were introduced. In 1982, colour television was introduced in the Indian market. Indian small screen programming started off in the early 1980s. Over time, regional channels were opened and the reach of television widened stupendously.
Doordarshan ventured into soap operas in Hindi with Hum Log in July 1984, a serial scripted by Manohar Shyam Joshi and directed by Kumar Vasudev. It proved very popular, as did the next serial, Buniyad; based on the partition of India, the television serial was directed by Ramesh Sippy and Jyoti Sarup.
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In 1987 and 1988 came the hugely popular mythological serials, Ramayana directed by Ramanand Sagar and Mahabharat produced by B.R. Chopra. Besides these, there were Tatnas, a serious serial on the partition, and Bharat Ek Khoj, a serial (1988) based on Jawaharlal Nehruâs Discovery of India and directed by Shyam Benegal with cinematographer V.K. Murthy.
In 1991-92, the Indian government started a series of economic reforms. This led to the liberalisation of the broadcasting industry, allowing in private and foreign broadcasters and opening the sector up to cable television.
Zee TV was introduced as the first privately-owned Indian channel to broadcast over cable followed by Asia Television Network (ATN) and the Star TV Network became a pioneering foreign channel in Indian television scene.
A few years later many foreign channels like CNN, Discovery Channel, National Geographic Channel and BBC made their foray into India. Special Sports channels also came upâsuch as ESPNâas well as channels solely for movies, Indian and foreign.
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Throughout the 1990s, along with a multitude of Hindi-language channels, several regional and English language channels flourished all over India.
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International news channels are 24-hour news television channels which cover international news updates on their newscast programmes. Most international news channels are broadcast on cable, satellite or the Internet, and many have diversified their staff by broadcasting to multiple large language markets. Like other means of news broadcasting, international news channels have become an increasingly fierce market of competition for invested parties; governments, for example, have often established and funded international news channels in order to propagate an angle on the news of the day from the perspective, and within the confines, of the government's official view, often in competition against more established competitors based inside or outside the government's borders.[citation needed]
The following is a non-exhaustive list of news channels in alphabetical order regardless of language or country of origin.
General news channels[edit]
Business news channels[edit]
Sport news channels[edit]
Weather news channels[edit]
Defunct channels[edit]
See also[edit]
This film, television or video-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it with reliably sourced additions.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_news_television_channels&oldid=894835353'
This is a list of television channels in Pakistan. Television in Pakistan was introduced in 1964.
Current channels[edit]General Entertainment[edit]Urdu[edit]Punjabi[edit]Sindhi[edit]Pashto[edit]Hindko[edit]Balochi[edit]Kashmir/Gilgit Baltistan[edit]English[edit]Religious[edit]News channels[edit]Urdu News[edit]
Sindhi News[edit]Pushto News[edit]Balochi News[edit]English News[edit]Sports[edit]Children's[edit]Movies[edit]Urdu Movies[edit]English Movies[edit]Music[edit]Health[edit]Food[edit]Education[edit]Business[edit]Fashion[edit]Former channels[edit]News[edit]Urdu news[edit]
English news[edit]
General entertainment[edit]
Urdu general entertainment[edit]
TV Today Karachi
Music[edit]
Movies[edit]Urdu movies[edit]
English movies[edit]
Food[edit]
Fashion[edit]
Shopping[edit]
References[edit]External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_television_channels_in_Pakistan&oldid=904018184'
The FM broadcasting in India began in 1977, but boomed after 2001 when the privatisation of FM broadcasting began. As of December 2018, there are more than 369 operational private radio stations in more than 101 cities and towns across India.[1] The Government of India-owned All India Radio has about 450 FM stations covering 39% of the area and 52% of the population of India.[2][3]
History[edit]
FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in Chennai, then Madras, and was expanded during the 1990s, nearly 50 years after it mushroomed in the US.[4] The country first experimented with private FM broadcasts in the small tourist destination of Goa and the large metropolitan areas of Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai. These were followed by private stations in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Jaipur and Lucknow.
Until 1993, All India Radio, a government undertaking, was the only radio broadcaster in India. The government then decided to privatise the radio broadcasting sector.[citation needed] It sold airtime blocks on its FM channels in Indore, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Vizag and Goa to private operators, who developed their own program content. The Times Group operated its brand, Times FM, till June 1998. After that, the government decided not to renew contracts given to private operators. Instead, in 2000, the government announced the auction of 108 FM frequencies across India, opening up the FM broadcasting industry to private competition.
Radio City Bangalore, started on July 3, 2001, is India's first private FM radio station.[5] It launched with presenters such as Vera, Rohit Barker, Seetal Iyer, Jonzie Kurian, Geeta Modgil, Suresh Venkat, and Chaitanya Hegde and Priya Ganapathy on the weekends.[6]The Times Group rebranded their radio operations, establishing the Radio Mirchi brand. The first Radio Mirchi station began broadcasting on October 4, 2001 in Indore.
Indian policy currently states that these broadcasters are assessed a one-time entry fee (OTEF), for a license period of 10 years. Under the Indian accounting system, this amount is amortised over the 10-year period at 10% per annum. The annual license fee for private broadcasters is either 4% of revenue share or 10% of reserve price, whichever is higher.
India's earlier attempts to privatise its FM channels ran into rough weather when private players bid heavily and most could not meet their commitments to pay the government the amounts they owed.[citation needed]
Content[edit]
Nationally, many of the current FM broadcasters, including the Times of India, Hindustan Times, Mid-Day, and BBC are established media institutions in the country, and are making a strong pitch for news on FM, which is currently limited to nationalised stations only. Private FM stations are allowed to rebroadcast news from All India Radio, as long as they do so without any changes or additions.[7] The Supreme Court of India on 17 October 2013 issued a public interest litigation to the central government requesting that the rules should be changed to allow FM stations to broadcast news reports.[8]
Radio stations by location[edit]National Capital Region[edit]
[9][10]
Kolkata, West Bengal[9][edit]
Jaipur, Rajasthan[edit]
Ahmedabad, Gujarat[11][edit]
Hyderabad[9][edit]
Mumbai, Maharashtra[12][edit]
Bengaluru, Karnataka[13][edit]
Chennai, Tamil Nadu[9][edit]
Kerala state[edit]
Market view[edit]
Traditionally, radio accounts for 7% to 8% of advertiser expenditures around the world. In India, it is less than 2% at present.[citation needed]
The ministry of broadcasting in India is setting up more (86) FM Radio to all parts of India by March 2017.[15]
List of FM Stations in Jaipur:
Current allocation process[edit]
In FM Phase II â the latest round of the long-delayed opening up of private FM in India â some 338 frequencies were offered of which about 237 were sold.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcasting_in_India&oldid=903990603'
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